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By Olivia Parker•Last Updated September 18, 2025

Understanding and Addressing the 12 Social Determinants of Health: A Comprehensive Guide

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Introduction: Why Social Determinants of Health Matter

Health is about more than genetics or healthcare-it’s shaped by the world around us. Social determinants of health (SDOH) are the conditions in which people are born, live, learn, work, play, and age. These factors impact a person’s health, quality of life, and even life expectancy. Understanding SDOH is crucial for policymakers, healthcare providers, and individuals seeking to improve health outcomes and reduce health disparities across populations [1] , [4] .

What Is a Social Determinant of Health?

Social determinants of health are non-medical factors that influence health outcomes. They include the environments and societal systems-such as education, employment, income, housing, and community resources-that affect well-being. SDOH are often grouped into domains like economic stability, education access, healthcare access, neighborhood environment, and social context [1] , [5] . These determinants are shaped by the distribution of money, power, and resources at global, national, and local levels. They can either promote health or contribute to health risks, depending on how favorable they are in a given community [4] .

The 12 Social Determinants of Health Explained

While major organizations like the CDC and WHO often group SDOH into five main domains, many experts and public health authorities have identified 12 core determinants for a more detailed approach. The following sections provide an expanded view, with real-world examples and practical steps for individuals, families, and organizations to address each area.

1. Income and Social Status

Economic stability is a key predictor of health. People with higher income and stable employment can afford better housing, nutritious food, and healthcare, while those with lower income face higher risks of illness and a shorter lifespan. To improve income security, consider pursuing educational and job training opportunities, accessing public assistance programs, or seeking employment services through community organizations. Local workforce development agencies and nonprofit groups can often connect individuals to job skills programs and financial counseling [1] .

2. Employment and Working Conditions

Job security, job satisfaction, and safe working conditions directly impact health. Poor working environments can lead to stress, injury, and chronic disease. To promote healthy work environments, employers should follow occupational safety regulations, provide fair wages and benefits, and offer mental health support. Workers can seek support from human resources or local labor organizations if workplace conditions are unsafe or unfair.

3. Education and Literacy

Education influences health by affecting employment opportunities, income, and health literacy. Higher levels of education are associated with better health outcomes. Adults wanting to improve their literacy or skills can access local community colleges or adult education centers, which often offer free or low-cost programs. Parents can support their children’s development by engaging with teachers and utilizing public library resources [5] .

4. Childhood Experiences

Early life experiences, including access to safe housing, nurturing relationships, and quality early education, set the foundation for lifelong health. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), such as abuse or neglect, can lead to chronic health problems later in life. Families can seek support through early childhood intervention programs, parenting classes, or local health departments for developmental screenings and resources.

5. Physical Environment (Housing, Neighborhood, and Built Environment)

Safe, stable, and affordable housing reduces stress and exposure to health hazards. Neighborhoods with clean air, safe streets, and access to parks encourage physical activity and social connection. Those seeking housing assistance may be able to apply for federal or state housing programs, or contact local housing authorities for guidance. Community organizations can also help advocate for safer and healthier neighborhood environments [1] .

6. Social Support Networks

Strong relationships with family, friends, and the wider community are crucial for mental and physical health. Social isolation can increase the risk of depression, heart disease, and premature death. Individuals can build support networks by joining community groups, faith-based organizations, or volunteer opportunities. Local social service agencies often provide resources for those experiencing loneliness or isolation.

7. Access to Health Services

Access to affordable and quality healthcare helps prevent and manage disease. Barriers to care-such as lack of insurance, transportation, or providers-can worsen health outcomes. To find healthcare services, consider searching for federally qualified health centers, contacting your local health department, or exploring state Medicaid programs. For those without insurance, many communities offer sliding-scale clinics or assistance with enrollment in public health insurance plans.

8. Gender

Gender can influence health risks, access to care, and social expectations. For example, women may face unique health issues and barriers to care, while men may be at higher risk for certain occupational injuries. Gender-sensitive health resources and advocacy organizations can help address these disparities. Consider reaching out to local women’s health centers or men’s support groups for tailored guidance.

9. Culture and Race

Cultural beliefs, practices, and experiences with racism or discrimination can have significant effects on health. Discrimination can limit access to resources and increase stress-related health problems. Community advocacy groups, legal aid services, and anti-discrimination hotlines may offer support. Healthcare providers can improve outcomes by ensuring culturally competent care and language services [4] .

10. Personal Health Practices and Coping Skills

Lifestyle choices-such as diet, physical activity, substance use, and stress management-play a critical role in health. While personal responsibility is important, choices are shaped by broader social and environmental factors. To support healthy habits, seek out community wellness programs, local fitness resources, or nutrition education workshops. Many local health departments and nonprofit organizations offer free or low-cost classes and support groups.

11. Health Literacy

Health literacy is the ability to understand and use health information to make informed decisions. Low health literacy can lead to poor health outcomes and difficulty navigating healthcare systems. Patients can ask healthcare providers for clear explanations, use plain-language health materials, and connect with local adult education programs to strengthen literacy skills.

12. Food Security and Nutrition

Reliable access to affordable, nutritious food is fundamental for health. Food insecurity can lead to poor nutrition, obesity, and chronic illnesses. Individuals and families facing food insecurity can contact local food banks, apply for federal nutrition assistance programs like SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program), or reach out to community organizations for support. Many local agencies can provide information on eligibility and application processes for these programs.

How to Access Resources and Improve Social Determinants of Health

Addressing social determinants of health requires a collaborative, multi-sector approach. Individuals, families, and organizations can take the following steps:

Identify needs: Assess which social determinants most affect you or your community. Local health departments and community health centers can often provide screening tools and referrals.
Seek support services: Use trusted sources to find assistance. For example, contact your local health department, department of social services, or nonprofit organizations for guidance on housing, food, healthcare, or employment resources. Ask about eligibility for public assistance programs and the application process.
Advocate for change: Join or support community advocacy groups working to address social determinants of health, such as affordable housing coalitions, food policy councils, or education reform initiatives.
Use trusted search strategies: When looking for resources, use search terms such as “local food bank,” “community health center near me,” “housing assistance programs,” or “employment training services.” Visit official agency websites-such as the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and local government portals-for accurate information.
Connect with community groups: Many services are provided by local nonprofits, faith-based organizations, and community centers. These groups can offer direct assistance or connect you with additional resources.

Challenges and Solutions in Improving Social Determinants of Health

Addressing SDOH is complex and can be challenging due to fragmented services, limited funding, and bureaucratic barriers. However, communities have shown success by building partnerships between health systems, schools, social service agencies, and local governments. For individuals, persistence and connection to multiple support networks can help overcome obstacles. Consider advocating for policy change at the local or state level, participating in community meetings, or volunteering to support initiatives that target SDOH.

Key Takeaways

Social determinants of health are powerful drivers of well-being, shaping opportunities and risks throughout life. By understanding the 12 determinants and taking actionable steps to address them, individuals and communities can work toward health equity and better outcomes for all. Accessing resources may require research and persistence, but support is available through public agencies, community organizations, and advocacy groups committed to making every environment a healthier place to live.